Training Tools, Workbook: A Resource for Practitioners

Resources & Tools

bharris — Fri, 25 May 2007 18:22:20 -0500

Resources & Materials

New Tactics in Human Rights: A Resource for Practitioners
Are you interested in a broad overview of tactics? The third edition of the New Tactics Workbook, including nearly 100 tactics and an extensive research section, is available online and in print form.

Tactical Notebook Series
Do you want the complete scoop on how a tactic was used, from A to Z? These first-person, in-depth case studies provide a detailed look at how a tactic was implemented, and the challenges that were faced along the way.

Tactics Database
Do you want to look for tactics by geographic region, type of intervention, or other criteria? Use this database to search for tactics quickly and efficiently.

Training Tools
Are you looking for hands on tools and exercises to help you think more strategically? Use this collection of training tools to hold your own strategic and tactically-focused workshop or meeting.

Using the New Tactics Resources
Looking for ways to apply tactical thinking and principles into your work? We designed this resource to help activists develop tactical presentations, hold strategic meetings and learn more about our methodology.

Featured Resources

Browse through a list of archived 'Featured Resources' hand-picked by the New Tactics team to promote on the front page of the website.

Additional Resources
Use this bibliography to find detailed information on a variety of tactics.

Training Workshops

New Tactics Training Workshops
The New Tactics project offers training workshops to build capacity in effective strategic and tactical thinking. Our trainings combine the best of hands-on and electronic means of sharing information, linking face-to-face gatherings with an international on-line human rights community. To invite New Tactics to consult or explore a New Tactics training for your upcoming workshop, conference, or gathering, contact: newtactics [at] cvt [dot] org.

Regional Training Workshops
As part of its effort to promote the use of tactics and strategic thinking, the New Tactics project and its partner organizations have held training workshops around the world.

World Symposium - 2004

The New Tactics in Human Rights International Symposium was the first training meeting of its kind, bringing together human rights activists from a broad range of disciplines to focus not on a single issue or region but on a full range of tactical possibilities and possible solutions. About 450 human rights advocates from 89 countries, representing fields as diverse as domestic violence and sustainable development, gathered for four days in Ankara, Turkey. The full schedule included five tactical workshop sessions, with a total of 35 tactical and strategic workshops, five plenary sessions for a broader look at effective strategies in human rights struggles, two regional caucus meetings and plenty of informal networking opportunities.

Using the New Tactics Resources

bharris — Fri, 25 May 2007 18:22:19 -0500

Using the New Tactics Resources

The New Tactics project has produced a number of publications that showcase the innovative work being done around the world to advance human rights.

Tools for Action: New Tactics Resources

How can the New Tactics project continue to be a part of the way you do your work?

Here you’ll find some ideas and resources for weaving New Tactics into your world.

I want to share what I have learned with others.

I want to apply the principles of the New Tactics project in my organization.

I want to publicize my work and the New Tactics project.

I want to stay involved in the New Tactics project.

I want resources on tactical and strategic thinking.

Workbook Introduction - New Tactics in Human Rights: A Resource for Practitioners

bharris — Fri, 25 May 2007 18:22:18 -0500

A Resource for Practitioners

Introduction, by Justice Richard J. Goldstone

All around the world and at all levels, in small villages and in national governments as well as at the highest levels of international justice, people are creating and using innovative tactics to make their work more effective. The New Tactics in Human Rights Project captures these tactical innovations and shares them with others striving to advance human rights. I invite you to join me in celebrating this work and in making use of the valuable resource you now hold in your hands.

In reflecting on my own area of work, I have seen new opportunities for obtaining justice arise for victims of the gravest human rights abuses. The establishment of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, which were the first war crimes courts to be created with the full weight of international opinion behind them, opened new doors for justice. The international teams working on the tribunals, people from dozens of countries, were doing something that had never been attempted before – making new law, setting new precedents, handing down indictments that did not look like indictments that had ever been handed down before in any country. Together a new tactic was created, one that paved the way for another, even more powerful tactic, the International Crimi-nal Court. This court could now provide a tool to achieve justice no matter where or by whom crimes against humanity are perpetrated.

Within the context of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, we used another new tactic: We made rape a war crime that could be prosecuted on its own, rather than as a secondary offense that was only appended to other offenses. When the tribunal indicted eight Bosnian Serb mili-tary officers on charges of systematic rape of Muslim women, it represented a sea change in the way the world thought about gender-related crimes and human rights. This tactic has made it possible to achieve justice in many more cases since.

Ten years ago legal experts would have laughed at the prospect of indicting and extraditing a powerful former dictator like Augusto Pinochet. This was not a tactic that seemed available to us. Perpetrators at that level, no matter how barbarous their crimes, moved about the world with impunity. Pinochet’s arrest and extradition changed the way we think about what is possible in international justice. It added a tactic to the human rights arsenal, one that is sure to be used again and again in the future.

I applaud efforts by human rights advocates to use national and international courts and other public forums to call attention to crimes against humanity, wherever they occur, and to call loudly and boldly for justice. But these are just a few among the many new and innovative tactics being used by people around the world, in spheres and regions as diverse as human experience itself, to promote and pro-tect basic human dignity.

I am proud to join the New Tactics in Human Rights Project in presenting this resource. While it could never claim to be an exhaustive catalogue, it is a rich compendium of this fresh and innovative think-ing, one which we hope will be valuable to you in your work.

– Justice Richard J. Goldstone Justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, retired Chief Prosecutor of the UN International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda Chairperson of the International Independent Inquiry on Kosovo Chairperson of the International Task Force on Terrorism established by the International Bar Association

Read or Download the Workbook - New Tactics in Human Rights: A Resource for Practitioners

bharris — Fri, 25 May 2007 18:22:17 -0500

New Tactics in Human Rights:
A Resource for Practitioners

"All around the world and at all levels, in small villages and in national governments as well as at the highest levels of international justice, people are creating and using innovative tactics to make their work more effective. The New Tactics in Human Rights Project captures these tactical innovations and shares them with others striving to advance human rights. I invite you to join me in celebrating this work and in making use of the valuable resource you now hold in your hands." - Justice Richard J. Goldstone

All sections of New Tactics in Human Rights: A Resource for Practitioners are available to dowload for free on this page.

Sections that have been translated into other languages are available below.

You may also order a printed copy of New Tactics in Human Rights: A Resource for Practitioners from the New Tactics Project.

Complete Workbook

Farsi [1,335 KB pdf]

Croatian [1,995 KB pdf]

French [Section 1] [Section 2] [Section 3]

NEW: Arabic workbook The Workbook is now available in Arabic from Al-Ahlia for Publishing and Distribution. Email alahlia [at] nets [dot] jo or phone +962 6 4627060 or +962 6 4627061 (Amman offices).

Introduction

Introduction, by Justice Richard J. Goldstone [512 KB pdf]

Polish | Ukrainian

The Need for New Tactics, by Douglas A. Johnson [111 KB pdf]

Hebrew | Mongolian | Polish | Russian | Ukrainian

Indonesian: Introduction, Table of Contents, and the Need for New Tactics

Russian: Translation of Chapter Introductions

Uzbek: Translation of Introduction, The Need for New Tactics, and Workbook excerpts

Using the Workbook as a Resource [89 KB pdf]

Prevention Tactics

Russia n | Indonesian

Physical Protection
Tactics that prevent harm through physical presence.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Sharing critical information [139 KB pdf]
Tactics that get critical information into the hands of people who can prevent abuse.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Removing opportunities for abuse [103 KB pdf]
Tactics that anticipate abuse and create obstacles to stop it.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Intervention Tactics

Russian | Indonesian

Resistance [168 KB pdf]
Tactics that demonstrate opposition to abuse.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Disruption [116 KB pdf]
Tactics that use direct action to influence a perpetrator to end the abuse.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Persuasion [133 KB pdf]
Tactics that use respected leaders or nonconfrontational institutional mechanisms to negotiate an end to violations.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Incentive [97 KB pdf]
Tactics that provide alternatives to human rights abuse.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Restorative Tactics

Russian | Indonesian

Remembering abuses [157 KB pdf]
Tactics that bring to light the nature and extent of abuses, or the identities of the perpetrators or victims.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Strengthening individuals and communities [142 KB pdf]
Tactics that employ mental health interventions, rehabilitation and other techniques to heal individu-als and communities.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Seeking redress [155 KB pdf]
Tactics that seek justice through litigation, sanctions, reparations or other means.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Building Human Rights Cultures and Institutions

Russian | Indonesian

Building constituencies [144 KB pdf]
Tactics involve new groups in human rights advocacy.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Collaboration [129 KB pdf]
Tactics that are used to develop new and effective partnerships for change.

Mongolian | Polish

Building capacity [167 KB pdf]
Tactics that create institutions and training systems to promote human rights.

Mongolian | Polish

Building awareness [132 KB pdf]
Tactics that are used to educate about human rights.

Mongolian | Polish | Ukrainian

Resources

French | Kiswahili | Indonesian

Tools [125 KB pdf]
including: Developing creative tactics and strategies, Adapting tactics, Sharing your tactic: A sample tactic presentation, Self-care: Caring for your most valuable resource

Russian (Developing Creative Tactics and Strategies, Adapting Tactics, Sharing your tactic, Self-care)
Hebrew (Developing Creative Tactics and Strategies)

Mongolian (Developing Creative Tactics and Strategies and Adapting Tactics, Sharing your tactic and Self-care)

Polish | Ukrainian

Further resources [142 KB pdf]
Print and electronic resources on tactical and strategic thinking and on particular tactics.

Russian | Mongolian

Index of Tactics [497 KB pdf]

Indonesian

Share a Tactic

Do you know of a tactic that we should consider adding to the online database or to future editions of the New Tactics Workbook? Tell us about it.

*Note: You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to open the files on this page. You can download a free version of this program from www.adobe.com.

Order the Workbook - New Tactics in Human Rights: A Resource for Practitioners

bharris — Fri, 25 May 2007 18:22:15 -0500

New Tactics in Human Rights:
A Resource for Practitioners

Buy your copy online!

Printed copies of New Tactics in Human Rights: A Resource for Practitioners are available to order from the New Tactics Project.

Perfect bound and printed on high-quality paper, the Workbook is a rich, long-lasting resource for your NGO, government agency, academic institution or business.

Cost per copy: *
U.S. & Canadian orders: US$25.95
International orders: US$29.95

*NEW PRICING GUIDELINES: Shipping is now included with all orders. A 15% discount is available for academic and nonprofit organizations on orders of increments of 10 books. (Sorry, the discount is not available through the online purchase link above, please use the Workbook Order Form, or contact New Tactics directly.)

Not able to buy online?
Print a Workbook Order Form and send it to us.
fax: +1 612 436 2606
mail: New Tactics, 717 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

NEW: Arabic workbook

The Workbook is now available in Arabic from Al-Ahlia for Publishing and Distribution. Email alahlia [at] nets [dot] jo or phone +962 6 4627060 or +962 6 4627061 (Amman offices).

The Workbook is also available to download, free of charge.

The New Tactics Database

bharris — Fri, 25 May 2007 18:22:14 -0500

The New Tactics Database

All over the world people are using innovative tactics to help end human rights abuses. In many cases other human rights advocates would benefit from learning about their experiences.

The New Tactics database is a collection of these tactics, described in a way that we hope will inspire other human rights advocates to apply them to their own situations. Here you can browse a full list of tactics to get an idea of the breadth of work being done. You can view the list organized by tactic name, tactic type, organization or region.

We would like your help and input as we continue to expand the scope of our database. Please tell us about creative human rights efforts by sending us an e-mail at NewTactics [at] cvt [dot] org to give us suggestions on the database itself.

Resources

bharris — Fri, 25 May 2007 18:22:09 -0500

Further Resources

The best source of practical information and know-how is usually other people – people who have faced challenges and found ways to overcome them. The resources in this section were all created by people who wanted to share the benefit of their experiences.

The section "Tactic-focused Resources" includes books, articles, web sites and CD-ROMs relating to particular tactics in the book New Tactics in Human Rights: A Resource for Practitioners. Most of these were produced by the organizations that originated the tactics in question, although there are a few exceptions. Keep in mind that not all tactics will work in all situations; the resources below are starting points as you adapt tactics for use in your own struggle, not how-to guides or recipe books. In the section "Tactical and Strategic Thinking," we have included historical and theoretical works as well as practical guides to building strategies and implementing tactics.

Most of these resources were created by practitioners who have spent years, if not decades, doing human rights work; together these people speak from a deep well of experience about the value of thinking tactically and strategically. A great deal of material exists on most of these topics, so this list is far from exhaustive. If you would like to suggest a resource for inclusion on our web site, which we update regularly, please e-mail us at newtactics [at] cvt [dot] org (please write "resource suggestion" in the subject line).

Tactic-focused Resources
Prevention Tactics
Intervention Tactics
Restorative Tactics
Building Human Rights Cultures and Institutions

Tactical and Strategic Thinking
History and Theory
Practical Guides
Human Rights for the Business Community

Tactic-focused Resources

Prevention Tactics

Physical Protection Tactics

Mahony, Liam and Luis Enrique Eguren. Unarmed Bodyguards: International Accompaniment for the Protection of Human Rights. Bloomfield, Conn.: Kumarian Press, 1997.

Draws lessons from a decade of practice with a new tool in human rights protection, where unarmed international volunteers physically accompany those who are threatened with violence.

Peace Brigades International Publications [online]. London: Peace Brigades International [updated November 2001: cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.peacebrigades.org/664.html

Books, videos and studies about protective accompaniment and nonviolence. Available in English, French and Spanish.

Sharing Critical Information

Community Relations Council [online]. Belfast: Tibus [updated 2003: cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.community-relations.org.uk/services/publications/

A list of publications available to download or to request, including Action Against Intimidation - Information and Advice Manual, Anti-Sectarianism in Voluntary and Community Sectors, and Approaches to Community Relations Work.

Hall, Michael, ed. It’s Good to Talk; The experiences of the Springfield Mobile Phone Network. Pamphlet. Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2003.

Describes a "‘mobile phone network’" enabling community activists to assist one another in reducing incidents of violence at the interface.

Removing Opportunities for Abuse

Nevitte, Neil and Santiago A. Canton. "The Rise of Election Monitoring: The Role of Domestic Observers." Journal of Democracy. (1997): 47-61.

Profiles of a number of domestic election monitoring organizations and campaigns (in 12 countries from South Asia and South America to the West Bank and Eastern Europe).

Stoddard, Michael. NDI Handbook: How Domestic Organizations Monitor Elections: An A to Z Guide. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 1995.

A detailed guide to initiating and carrying out a domestic election monitoring program.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge * Prior Art Database [online]. Washington, DC: Science & Human Rights Program, American Association for the Advancement of Science [Updated October 2003: cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://ip.aaas.org/tekindex.nsf

A searchable index of Internet-based public documentation concerning indigenous knowledge and plant species use.

Intervention Tactics

Resistance Tactics

O’Rourke, Dara and Gregg P. Macey. "Community Environmental Policing: Assessing New Strategies of Public Participation in Environmental Regulation" [online]. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. (2003): 383-414. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.bucketbrigade.net/downloads/community_environmental_policing.pdf

Report evaluating public participation in environmental monitoring and regulation through local "bucket brigades," including steps for implementation, impact and lessons learned.

Selected Writings on MKSS and Right to Information Campaign in India. [CD-ROM] Rajasthan: Mazdoor Kisaan Shakti Sangathan, 2003.

Uses modes of struggle and constructive action for changing the lives of the rural poor.

"Tips and Tools for Organizing Resolutions in Defense of the Bill of Rights." Bill of Rights Defense Committee [online]. Northampton, Mass.: BORDC. ca.2002 [updated 2004: cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.bordc.org/Tools.htm

Tools used by hundreds of U.S. communities in protesting the erosion of human rights.

Disruption Tactics

Treatment Action Campaign [online]. Muizenberg: TAC [updated March 16 2004: cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.tac.org.za/

Extensive online library of documents related to HIV/AIDS, pharmaceutical companies and copyright law.

Persuasian Tactics

Coetzee, Erika, and Shirley Robinson. Measuring the Impact of Public Spending. Cape Town: Idasa, 2000.

Provides a framework for thinking about ways to measure the impact of public spending, including tools for developing a monitoring strategy. Order online at: www.idasa.org.za.

Fölscher, Alta. Budget Transparency and Participation: Five African Case Studies. Cape Town: Idasa, 2002.

Investigates budget transparency and participation in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia and South Africa, asking what information is necessary to assess the link between policy priorities, government spending and the delivery of services. Order online at: www.idasa.org.za.

The International Budget Project [online]. Washington, DC: The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.internationalbudget.org/resources/howto/index.htm

Collection of recommended online resources for applied budget analysis, including how-to tips.

Incentive tactics

Liubicic, Robert. "Corporate Codes of Conduct and Product Labeling Schemes: The Limits and Possibilities of Promoting International Labor Rights Through Private Initiatives." Law and Policy in International Business 30 (1998): 111-158.

Surveys private initiatives by the business community aimed at promoting labor rights (particularly codes of conduct and labeling schemes). The article recommends standardization and effective monitoring regimes to make codes of conduct and labeling schemes more effective.

The Proxy Resolutions Book. New York: Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, 2004.

The complete texts of socially responsible shareholder resolutions submitted for 2004 annual company meetings. Covers: healthcare, finance, pay disparity, global warming, food & water, militarism, human rights, and vendor standards. Available from: www.iccr.org.

Restorative Tactics

Remembering Abuses

Bloomfield, David, Teresa Barnes, and Luc Huyse, eds. Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook [online]. Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2003 [cited April 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.idea.int/conflict/reconciliation/reconciliation_full.pdf

Designed to inform, assist, and equip citizens and leaders in post-violence contexts, this practical handbook documents reconciliation processes, relationship-building strategies, and structures for coexistence.

Hayner, Priscilla B. "The Contribution of Truth Commissions." An End to Torture: Strategies for its Eradication. London and New York: Zed Books, 1995.

A survey of truth commissions and their impacts and limitations with regard to reporting past, and preventing future, human rights abuses (particularly torture).

Hayner, Priscilla B. Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocities. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Examines the twenty major truth commissions established around the world, paying special attention to South Africa, El Salvador, Argentina, Chile, and Guatemala.

International Center for Transitional Justice [online]. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.ictj.org/

Assists countries pursuing accountability for mass atrocity or human rights abuse. Its strategies comprise five key elements: prosecuting perpetrators, documenting violations through nonjudicial means such as truth commissions, reforming abusive institutions, providing reparations to victims, and advancing reconciliation.

Kritz, Neil J., ed. Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1995.

Expansive and thorough three-volume work. The first covers general considerations, the second examines country studies, and the third looks at laws, rulings and reports.

Otras Voces de la Historia. [CD-ROM] Buenos Aires: Memoria Abierta, 2002.

Documents state terrorism in Argentina between the years of 1976 and 1983.

The Truth Commission Project [online]. Cambridge, MA: The Truth Commission Project [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.truthcommission.org/

Extensive research on five of the most successful truth commissions of the last 25 years: in Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, South Africa, and Guatemala.

Strengthening Individuals and Communities

Pranis, Kay, Barry Stuart and Mark Wedge. Peacemaking Circles. St. Paul: Living Justice Press, 2003.

Offers experiences to support the work that many pioneering community members and criminal justice professionals are doing around the world to explore a more healing, constructive response to crime.

Jaranson, James M and Michael K. Popkin, eds. Caring for Victims of Torture. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc, 1998.

Collective wisdom of international experts in the treatment of victims of government torture – all distinguished physicians and pioneers in the field of traumatic stress.

Seeking Redress

International Labor Rights Fund. International Labor Rights Fund [online]. Mar. 2003. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.laborrights.org/

Reports, papers and books on labor rights for sale and download, including The Alien Tort Claims Act – A Vital Tool for Preventing Corporations from Violating Fundamental Human Rights, by Terry Collingsworth.

Violence Against Women in War Bibliography. VAwwNET. Violence Against Women in War [online].March 2003. Available from World Wide Web: http://www1.jca.apc.org/vaww-net-japan/english/resources/bibliography.html

Bibliography of reports on women’s rights, sexual slavery, and international law relating to these topics.

Building Human Rights Cultures and Institutions

Constituency-Building

Levi, Robin. "Local Implementation of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)." WILD, 1999.

A guide for people considering passing legislation implementing CEDAW in their own cities.

Collaboration Tactics

Stern, Katherine. 2002. Techniques of Independent Monitoring in Guatemala and El Salvador. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 2002 [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.coverco.org/eng/media/Approved-Public-Report.pdf

A practical, step-by-step report on how COVERCO and GMIES carry out their work, with a focus on how monitors are trained in everyday, practical details of their job.

Youngers, Coletta A. and Susan C. Peacock. Peru’s Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos: A Case Study of Coalition Building. Washington Office on Latin America, October 2002. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=viewp&id=132&Itemid=2

Examines Peru’s history of abuses and the Coordinadora’s success in advocacy campaigns and coalition building, highlighting the organization’s work and accomplishments over the past 15 years.

Capacity-Building Tactics

Human Rights Institution-Building: A Handbook on Establishing and Sustaining Human Rights Organizations. New York: Forefront Publications, 1994.

A guide to establishing organizational procedures and structures to prevent and combat institutional problems.

Video for Change [online]. New York: WITNESS [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.witness.org

Training video for human rights advocates, illustrating how they can use video and communications technology to further their causes. Accompanied by a manual. Both are available to order or download.

Awareness and Understanding Tactics

Cairo Institute for Human Rights [online] [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web at: http://www.cihrs.org/

Publishes educational materials on human rights and the arts for Arab human rights organizations.

Tactical and Strategic Thinking

History and Theory

Ackerman, Peter and Christopher Kruegler. Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1994.

A theoretical and historical assessment of the importance of strategy in successful nonviolent resistance movements.

Ackerman, Peter and Jack Duvall. A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.

Examines how popular movements have used nonviolent weapons to overthrow dictators, obstruct military invaders and secure human rights. Jack Duval directed a companion film of the same name.

Johnson, Douglas A. and Kate Kelsch. "Tactical Innovations for Human Rights." Effective Strategies for Protecting Human Rights, David R. Barnhizer, ed. Dartmouth Pub Co., 2002.

Explores the importance of tactical thinking in human rights work and includes eight brief case studies of effective tactic

Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink. Activists Beyond Borders. New York: Cornell University Press, 1998.

Examines the networks of activists that coalesce and operate across national frontiers to target international organizations or the policies of particular states.

Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Evaluates the impact of these norms on the behavior of national governments in many regions of the world.

Sharp, Gene. From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. Boston: Albert Einstein Institution, 1993.

Focuses on the generic problem of how to destroy a dictatorship and to prevent the rise of a new one.

Sharp, Gene. There are Realistic Alternatives [online]. Boston, MA: The Albert Einstein Institution, 2003 [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://65.109.42.80/organizations/org/TARA.pdf

Brief introduction to nonviolent struggle and strategic thinking.

Practical Guides

Alexander, Sylvia. Generating Local Resources: Case Histories and Methods for Supporting Human Rights Organizations In-Country. New York: Forefront Publications, 1996.

A guide to strategies and practices that allow human rights organizations to identify and cultivate domestic sources of funding.

Alexander, Sylvia. A Handbook of Practical Strategies for Local Human Rights Groups. New York: Forefront Publications, 1999.

A discussion of strategies used to overcome a variety of challenges, from coping with threats and violence, to building alliances and establishing ties with the international community, illustrated by examples from around the world.

Bobo, Kim, Jackie Kendall and Steve Max. Organizing for Social Change: A Manual for Activists in the 1990s. Santa Ana: Seven Locks Press, 1991.

A handbook on fundamental organizing techniques and methods of building a successful direct action organization.

Circle of Rights. Economic Social & Cultural Rights Activism: A Training Resource [online]. Minneapolis: Human Rights Resource Center, 2000 [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/IHRIP/circle/toc.htm

A detailed account of economic, social, and cultural rights, as well as a guide, for trainers and activists, to useful strategies and tactics aimed at promoting and protecting them through national and international institutions/actors.

Johnson, Douglas A. "Confronting Corporate Power: Strategies and Phases of the Nestle Boycott". Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy 8 (1986): 323-344.

A detailed account of the strategies and tactics employed during the Nestle Boycott in the late 1970s.

Kehler, Randall, Andrea Ayvazian and Ben Senturia. Thinking Strategically: A Primer on Long- Range Strategic Planning for Grassroots Peace and Justice Organizations. Amherst: Peace Development Fund.

A guide to strategic planning that outlines steps in the planning process (setting goals, defining a mission, and developing strategy) as well as measures for establishing accountability, designating responsibilities, identifying tactics, and timing action.

McChesney, Allan. Promoting and Defending Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: A Handbook [online]. Washington, DC: Association for the Advancement of Science, 2000 [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://shr.aaas.org/escr/handbook/

A resource for NGOs and others active in civil society who want to prevent or stop violations of economic, social and cultural rights and promote fulfillment of these rights at the national and international levels.

Milne, Paul and Glen Schneider. The Effective Action Concept: A Value-Based Tool for Social Good and Personal Power. San Diego: Institute for Effective Action, 1992.

A planning and management tool for deliberately creating change, whether at the personal or social level.

Sharp, Gene. 198 Methods of Nonviolent Action. Boston: 1973. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.peacemagazine.org/198.htm

A simple, straightforward and powerful list of ways to reach your audience, make your point and begin to make change.

"Using the Internet Strategically." The Association for Progressive Communications [Cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.apc.org/english/capacity/strategy/index.shtml

Profiles of civil society organizations that use technology and the Internet to promote human rights.

Human Rights for the Business Community

Business for Social Responsibility [online]. San Francisco: Business for Social Responsibility. [Cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.bsc.org

A collection of tools and practical guidelines for responsible business practices, including descriptions of business-related tactics for promoting human rights.

By the Sweat & Toil of Children: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labor (volume V) [online]. U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 1998 [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/sweat5/overview.htm

A congressionally-mandated series of annual reports that reviews the child labor situation in 16 developing countries and analyzes the level and types of action being undertaken to reduce child exploitation.

An Economic Consideration of Child Labor [online]. U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 2000 [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/sweat6/overview.htm)

This sixth report in the By the Sweat and Toil of Children series examines the economic benefits of the elimination of child labor and the increased enrollment of children in school.

Frankental, Peter and Frances House.Human Rights: Is It Any of Your Business? London: Amnesty International and The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, 2001.

Information on human rights issues encountered by the business community and a discussion of ways companies can prevent abuses, e.g. through shareholder activism, improved transparency or government regulation.

The Human Rights and Business Project

[online]. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Human Rights [cited March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.humanrightsbusiness.org/A clearinghouse of news and resources regarding human rights issues and the business community, including the unique Human Rights Compliance Assessment. The HRCA is a diagnostic test made up of more than 1,000 indicators.

Unleashing Entrepreneurship: Making Business Work for the Poor. Report to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Commission on the Private Sector and Development.

Offers recommendations on how the major actors can modify their actions and approaches to significantly enhance the ability of the private sector to advance the development process.